Edward A. Alpers, The East African Slave Trade (Berkeley 1967)
Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, trans. F. Rosenthal, ed. N. J. Dawood (Princeton 1967)
Murray Gordon, Slavery in the Arab World (New York 1989)
Habeeb Akande, Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam (Ta Ha 2012)
Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (OUP 1990)
Lal, K. S. (1994). Muslim slave system in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge 1990)
Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge 2000)
Allan G. B. Fisher, Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa, ed. C. Hurst (London 1970, 2nd edition 2001)
The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam (Princeton Series on the Middle East) Eve Troutt Powell (Editor), John O. Hunwick (Editor) (Princeton 2001)
Ronald Segal, Islam's Black Slaves (Atlantic Books, London 2002)
Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan, London 2003) ISBN978-1-4039-4551-8
